Express Entry is an online application management system which aims to ensure faster processing and better economic outcomes for permanent residence to Canada under federal and certain provincial programs.
How Does Express Entry Work
- Create an Express Entry Profile
- Submit the profile in the Express Entry pool
- Receive an invitation to apply
- Apply for permanent residence
Express Entry Draws 2024
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
| 298 | 663 (*Provincial nominees only) | June 19, 2024 | 1,499 |
| 297 | 522 (*Canadian Experience Class only) | May 31, 2024 | 3,000 |
| 296 | 676 (*Provincial nominees only) | May 30, 2024 | 2,985 |
| 295 | 410 (*French language proficiency only) | April 24, 2024 | 1,400 |
| 294 | 529 (General) | April 23, 2024 | 2,095 |
| 293 | 491 (*STEM occupations only) | April 11, 2024 | 4,500 |
| 292 | 549 (General) | April 10, 2024 | 1,280 |
| 291 | 338 (*French language proficiency only) | March 26, 2024 | 1,500 |
| 290 | 524 (General) | March 25, 2024 | 1,980 |
| 289 | 430 (*Transport occupations only) | March 13, 2024 | 975 |
| 288 | 525 (General) | March 12, 2024 | 2,850 |
| 287 | 336 (*French language proficiency only) | February 29, 2024 | 2,500 |
| 286 | 534 (General) | February 28, 2024 | 1,470 |
| 285 | 437 (*Agriculture and Agri-Food occupations only) | February 16, 2024 | 150 |
| 284 | 422 (*Healthcare occupations only) | February 14, 2024 | 3,500 |
| 283 | 535 (General) | February 13, 2024 | 1,490 |
| 282 | 365 (*French language proficiency only) | February 1, 2024 | 7,000 |
| 281 | 541 (General) | January 31, 2024 | 730 |
| 280 | 543 (General) | January 23, 2024 | 1,040 |
| 279 | 546 (General) | January 10, 2024 | 1,510 |
Express Entry Draws 2023
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
| 278 | 386 Agriculture and agri-food occupations (2023-1) | December 21, 2023 | 400 |
| 277 | 435 Transport occupations (2023-1) | December 20, 2023 | 670 |
| 276 | 425 Trade occupations (2023-1) | December 19, 2023 | 1000 |
| 275 | 542 General | December 18, 2023 | 1325 |
| 274 | 491 STEM occupations (2023-1) | December 8, 2023 | 5900 |
| 273 | 470 French language proficiency (2023-1) | December 7, 2023 | 1000 |
| 272 | 561 ( General) | December 6, 2023 | 4750 |
| 271 | 431 Healthcare occupations (2023-1) | October 26, 2023 | 3600 |
| 270 | 486 French language proficiency (2023-1) | October 25, 2023 | 300 |
| 269 | 776 Provincial Nominee Program | October 24, 2023 | 1548 |
| 268 | 500 | October 10, 2023 | 3725 |
| 267 | 354 Agriculture and agri-food occupations (2023-1) | September 28, 2023 | 600 |
| 266 | 472 French language proficiency (2023-1) | September 27, 2023 | 500 |
| 265 | 504 | September 26, 2023 | 3000 |
| 264 | 435 Transport occupations (2023-1) | September 20, 2023 | 1000 |
| 263 | 531 | September 19, 2023 | 3200 |
| 262 | 496 | August 15, 2023 | 4300 |
| 261 | 388 Trade occupations (2023-1) | August 3, 2023 | 1,500 |
| 260 | 435 French language proficiency (2023-1) | August 2, 2023 | 800 |
| 259 | 517 | August 1, 2023 | 2000 |
| 258 | 375 French language proficiency (2023-1) | July 12, 2023 | 3800 |
| 257 | 505 | July 11, 2023 | 800 |
| 256 | 439 French language proficiency (2023-1) | July 7, 2023 | 2,300 |
| 255 | 463 Healthcare occupations (2023-1) | July 6, 2023 | 1,500 |
| 254 | 486 (STEM occupations) (2023-1) | July 5, 2023 | 500 |
| 253 | 511 | July 4, 2023 | 700 |
| 252 | 476 (Healthcare occupations) (2023-1) | June 28, 2023 | 500 |
| 251 | 486 | June 27, 2023 | 4300 |
| 250 | 486 | June 8, 2023 | 4800 |
| 249 | 488 | May 24, 2023 | 4800 |
| 248 | 483 (PNP) | May 10, 2023 | 691 |
| 247 | 483 | April 26, 2023 | 3500 |
| 246 | 486 | April 12, 2023 | 3500 |
| 245 | 481 | March 29, 2023 | 7000 |
| 244 | 484 | March 23, 2023 | 7000 |
| 243 | 490 | March 15, 2023 | 7000 |
| 242 | 748 | March 1, 2023 | 667 |
| 241 | 791 | February 15, 2023 | 699 |
| 240 | 489 | February 2, 2023 | 3,300 |
| 239 | 733 | February 1, 2023 | 893 |
| 238 | 490 | January 18, 2023 | 5,500 |
| 237 | 507 | January 11, 2023 | 5,500 |
Express Entry Draws 2022
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
| 236 | 491 | November 23, 2022 | 4,750 |
| 235 | 494 | November 9, 2022 | 4,750 |
| 234 | 496 | October 26, 2022 | 4,750 |
| 233 | 500 | October 12, 2022 | 4,250 |
| 232 | 504 | September 28, 2022 | 3,750 |
| 231 | 510 | September 14, 2022 | 3,250 |
| 230 | 516 | August 31, 2022 | 2,750 |
|
229 |
525 |
August 17, 2022 |
2,250 |
|
228 |
533 |
August 3, 2022 |
2,000 |
|
227 |
542 |
July 20, 2022 |
1,750 |
|
226 |
557 |
July 6, 2022 |
1,500 |
|
225 |
752 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 22, 2022 |
636 |
|
224 |
796 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 8, 2022 |
932 |
|
223 |
741 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 25, 2022 |
589 |
|
222 |
753 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 11, 2022 |
545 |
|
221 |
772 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 27, 2021 |
829 |
|
220 |
782 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 13, 2021 |
787 |
|
219 |
785 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 30, 2022 |
919 |
|
218 |
754 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 16, 2022 |
924 |
|
217 |
761 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 02, 2022 |
1,047 |
|
216 |
710 (*Provincial nominees only) |
February 16, 2022 |
1,082 |
|
215 |
674 (*Provincial nominees only) |
February 2, 2022 |
1,070 |
|
214 |
745 (*Provincial nominees only) |
January 19, 2022 |
1,036 |
|
213 |
808 (*Provincial nominees only) |
January 5, 2022 |
392 |
Express Entry Draws 2021
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
212 |
720 (*Provincial nominees only) |
December 22, 2021 |
746 |
|
211 |
698 (*Provincial nominees only) |
December 10, 2021 |
1,032 |
|
210 |
737 (*Provincial nominees only) |
November 24, 2021 |
613 |
|
209 |
685 (*Provincial nominees only) |
November 10, 2021 |
775 |
|
208 |
744 (*Provincial nominees only) |
October 27, 2021 |
888 |
|
207 |
720 (*Provincial nominees only) |
October 13, 2021 |
681 |
|
206 |
742 (*Provincial nominees only) |
September 29, 2021 |
761 |
|
205 |
732 (*Provincial nominees only) |
September 15, 2021 |
521 |
|
204 |
462 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
September 14, 2021 |
2,000 |
|
203 |
764 (*Provincial nominees only) |
September 1, 2021 |
635 |
|
202 |
403 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
August 19, 2021 |
3,000 |
|
201 |
751 (*Provincial nominees only) |
August 18, 2021 |
463 |
|
200 |
404 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
August 5, 2021 |
3,000 |
|
199 |
760 (*Provincial nominees only) |
August 4, 2021 |
512 |
|
198 |
357 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
July 22, 2021 |
4,500 |
|
197 |
734 (*Provincial nominees only) |
July 21, 2021 |
462 |
|
196 |
369 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
July 8, 2021 |
4,500 |
|
195 |
760 (*Provincial nominees only) |
July 7, 2021 |
627 |
|
194 |
357 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
June 24, 2021 |
6,000 |
|
193 |
742 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 23, 2021 |
1,002 |
|
192 |
368 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
June 10, 2021 |
6,000 |
| 191 |
711 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 9, 2021 |
940 |
|
190 |
380 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 31, 2021 |
5,956 |
|
189 |
713 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 26, 2021 |
500 |
|
188 |
397 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 20, 2021 |
1,842 |
|
187 |
401 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 13, 2021 |
4,147 |
|
186 |
752 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 12, 2021 |
557 |
|
185 |
400 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
April 29, 2021 |
6,000 |
|
184 |
717 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 28, 2021 |
381 |
|
183 |
417 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
April 16, 2021 |
6,000 |
|
182 |
753 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 14, 2021 |
266 |
|
181 |
432 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
April 1, 2021 |
5,000 |
|
180 |
778 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 31, 2021 |
284 |
|
179 |
449 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
March 18, 2021 |
5,000 |
|
178 |
682 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 17, 2021 |
183 |
|
177 |
739 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 8, 2021 |
671 |
|
176 |
75 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
February 13, 2021 |
27,332 |
|
175 |
720 (*Provincial nominees only) |
February 10, 2021 |
654 |
|
174 |
454 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
January 21, 2021 |
4,626 |
|
173 |
741 (*Provincial nominees only) |
January 20, 2021 |
374 |
|
172 |
461 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
January 7, 2021 |
4,750 |
|
171 |
813 (*Provincial nominees only) |
January 6, 2021 |
250 |
Express Entry Draws 2020
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
170 |
468 |
December 23, 2020 |
5,000 |
|
169 |
469 |
December 9, 2020 |
5,000 |
|
168 |
469 |
November 25, 2020 |
5,000 |
|
167 |
472 |
November 18, 2020 |
5,000 |
|
166 |
478 |
November 5, 2020 |
4,500 |
|
165 |
471 |
October 14, 2020 |
4,500 |
|
164 |
471 |
September 29, 2020 |
4,200 |
|
163 |
472 |
September 16, 2020 |
4,200 |
|
162 |
475 |
September 2, 2020 |
4,200 |
|
161 |
454 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
August 20, 2020 |
3,300 |
|
160 |
771 (*Provincial nominees only) |
August 19, 2020 |
600 |
|
159 |
415 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
August 6, 2020 |
250 |
|
158 |
476 |
August 5, 2020 |
3,900 |
|
157 |
445 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
July 23, 2020 |
3,343 |
|
156 |
687 (*Provincial nominees only) |
July 22, 2020 |
557 |
|
155 |
478 |
July 8, 2020 |
3,900 |
|
154 |
431 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
June 25, 2020 |
3,508 |
|
153 |
696 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 24, 2020 |
392 |
|
152 |
437 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
June 11, 2020 |
3,559 |
|
151 |
743 (*Provincial nominees only) |
June 10, 2020 |
341 |
|
150 |
440 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 28, 2020 |
3,515 |
|
149 |
757 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 27, 2020 |
385 |
|
148 |
447 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 15, 2020 |
3,371 |
|
147 |
718 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 14, 2020 |
529 |
|
146 |
452 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
May 1, 2020 |
3,311 |
|
145 |
692 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 29, 2020 |
589 |
|
144 |
455 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
April 16,2020 |
3,782 |
|
143 |
808 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 15, 2020 |
118 |
|
142 |
464 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
April 9, 2020 |
3,294 |
|
141 |
698 (*Provincial nominees only) |
April 9, 2020 |
606 |
|
140 |
467 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
March 23, 2020 |
3,232 |
|
139 |
720 (*Provincial nominees only) |
March 18, 2020 |
668 |
|
138 |
471 |
March 4, 2020 |
3,900 |
|
137 |
470 |
February 19, 2020 |
4,500 |
|
136 |
472 |
February 5, 2020 |
3,500 |
|
135 |
471 |
January 22, 2020 |
3,400 |
|
134 |
473 |
January 8, 2020 |
3,400 |
Express Entry Draws 2019
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
133 |
469 |
December 19, 2019 |
3,200 |
|
132 |
472 |
December 11, 2019 |
3,200 |
|
131 |
471 |
November 27, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
130 |
472 |
November 13, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
128 |
357 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
October 16, 2019 |
500 |
|
127 |
464 |
October 2, 2019 |
3,900 |
|
126 |
462 |
September 18, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
125 |
463 |
September 4, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
124 |
457 |
August 20, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
123 |
466 |
August 12, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
122 |
459 |
July 24, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
121 |
460 |
July 10, 2019 |
3,600 |
|
120 |
462 |
June 26, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
119 |
465 |
June 12, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
118 |
470 |
May 29, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
117 |
332 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
May 15, 2019 |
500 |
|
116 |
450 |
May 1, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
115 |
451 |
April 17, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
114 |
451 |
April 3, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
113 |
452 |
March 20, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
112 |
454 |
March 6, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
111 |
457 |
February 20, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
110 |
438 |
January 30, 2019 |
3,350 |
|
109 |
443 |
January 23, 2019 |
3,900 |
|
108 |
449 |
January 10, 2019 |
3,900 |
Express Entry Draws 2018
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
107 |
439 |
December 19, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
106 |
445 |
December 12, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
105 |
445 |
November 28, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
104 |
449 |
November 15, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
103 |
442 |
October 29, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
102 |
440 |
October 15, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
101 |
445 |
October 3, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
100 |
284 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
September 24, 2018 |
400 |
|
99 |
441 |
September 19, 2018 |
3,500 |
|
98 |
440 |
September 5, 2018 |
3,900 |
|
97 |
440 |
August 22, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
96 |
440 |
August 8, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
95 |
441 |
July 25, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
94 |
442 |
July 11, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
93 |
442 |
June 25, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
92 |
451 |
June 13, 2018 |
3,750 |
|
91 |
902 (*Provincial nominees only) 288 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
May 30, 2018 |
700 |
|
90 |
440 |
May 23, 2018 |
3,500 |
|
89 |
441 |
May 9, 2018 |
3,500 |
|
88 |
441 |
April 25, 2018 |
3,500 |
|
87 |
444 |
April 11, 2018 |
3,500 |
|
86 |
446 |
March 26, 2018 |
3,000 |
|
85 |
456 |
March 14, 2018 |
3,000 |
|
84 |
442 |
February 21, 2018 |
3,000 |
|
83 |
442 |
February 7, 2018 |
3,000 |
|
82 |
444 |
January 24, 2018 |
2,750 |
|
81 |
446 |
January 10, 2018 |
2,750 |
Express Entry Draws 2017
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
80 |
446 |
December 20, 2017 |
2,750 |
|
79 |
452 |
December 6, 2017 |
2,750 |
|
78 |
439 |
November 15, 2017 |
2,750 |
|
77 |
458 |
November 8, 2017 |
2,000 |
|
76 |
241 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
November 1, 2017 |
505 |
|
75 |
673 (*Provincial nominees only) |
November 1, 2017 |
290 |
|
74 |
436 |
October 18, 2017 |
2,757 |
|
73 |
438 |
October 04, 2017 |
2,801 |
|
72 |
433 |
September 20, 2017 |
2,871 |
|
71 |
435 |
September 6, 2017 |
2,772 |
|
70 |
434 |
August 23, 2017 |
3,035 |
|
69 |
433 |
August 9, 2017 |
2,991 |
|
68 |
441 |
August 2, 2017 |
3,264 |
|
67 |
440 |
July 12, 2017 |
3,202 |
|
66 |
449 |
June 28, 2017 |
3,409 |
|
65 |
413 |
May 31, 2017 |
3,877 |
|
64 |
199 (*Federal Skilled Trades candidates only) |
May 26, 2017 |
400 |
|
63 |
775 (*Provincial nominees only) |
May 26, 2017 |
143 |
|
62 |
415 |
May 17, 2017 |
3,687 |
|
61 |
423 |
May 4, 2017 |
3,796 |
|
60 |
415 |
April 19, 2017 |
3,665 |
|
59 |
423 |
April 12, 2017 |
3,923 |
|
58 |
431 |
April 5, 2017 |
3,753 |
|
57 |
441 |
March 24, 2017 |
3,749 |
|
56 |
434 |
March 1, 2017 |
3,884 |
|
55 |
441 |
February 22, 2017 |
3,611 |
|
54 |
447 |
February 8, 2017 |
3,644 |
|
53 |
453 |
January 25, 2017 |
3,508 |
|
52 |
459 |
January 11, 2017 |
3,334 |
|
51 |
468 |
January 4. 2017 |
2,902 |
Express Entry Draws 2016
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
50 |
475 |
December 22, 2016 |
2,878 |
|
49 |
497 |
December 16, 2016 |
1,936 |
|
48 |
786 (*Provincial nominees only) |
November 30, 2016 |
559 |
|
47 |
470 |
November 16, 2016 |
2,427 |
|
46 |
472 |
November 2, 2016 |
2,080 |
|
45 |
475 |
October 19, 2016 |
1,804 |
|
44 |
484 |
October 12, 2016 |
1,518 |
|
43 |
483 |
September 21, 2016 |
1,288 |
|
42 |
491 |
September 7, 2016 |
1,000 |
|
41 |
538 |
August 24, 2016 |
750 |
|
40 |
490 |
August 10, 2016 |
754 |
|
39 |
488 |
July 27, 2016 |
755 |
|
38 |
482 |
July 13, 2016 |
747 |
|
37 |
482 |
June 29, 2016 |
773 |
|
36 |
488 |
June 15, 2016 |
752 |
|
35 |
483 |
June 1, 2016 |
762 |
|
34 |
484 |
May 18, 2016 |
763 |
|
33 |
534 |
May 6, 2016 |
799 |
|
32 |
468 |
April 20, 2016 |
1,018 |
|
31 |
470 |
April 6, 2016 |
954 |
|
30 |
470 |
March 23, 2016 |
1,014 |
|
29 |
473 |
March 8, 2016 |
1,013 |
|
28 |
453 |
February 24, 2016 |
1,484 |
|
27 |
459 |
February 10, 2016 |
1,505 |
|
26 |
457 |
January 28, 2016 |
1,468 |
|
25 |
453 |
January 13, 2016 |
1,518 |
|
24 |
461 |
January 6, 2016 |
1,463 |
Express Entry Draws 2015
|
Draw # |
Minimum CRS Score Required |
Date of Draw |
# of ITAs Issued |
|---|---|---|---|
|
23 |
460 |
December 18, 2015 |
1,503 |
|
22 |
461 |
December 4, 2015 |
1,451 |
|
21 |
472 |
November 27, 2015 |
1,559 |
|
20 |
484 |
November 13, 2015 |
1,506 |
|
19 |
489 |
October 23, 2015 |
1,502 |
|
18 |
450 |
October 2, 2015 |
1,530 |
|
17 |
450 |
September 18, 2015 |
1,545 |
|
16 |
459 |
September 8, 2015 |
1,517 |
|
15 |
456 |
August 21, 2015 |
1,523 |
|
14 |
471 |
August 7, 2015 |
1,402 |
|
13 |
451 |
July 17, 2015 |
1,581 |
|
12 |
463 |
July 10, 2015 |
1,516 |
|
11 |
469 |
June 27, 2015 |
1,575 |
|
10 |
482 |
June 12, 2015 |
1,501 |
|
9 |
755 |
May 22, 2015 |
1,361 |
|
8 |
453 |
April 17, 2015 |
715 |
|
7 |
469 |
April 10, 2015 |
925 |
|
6 |
453 |
March 27, 2015 |
1,637 |
|
5 |
481 |
March 20, 2015 |
1,620 |
|
4 |
735 |
February 27, 2015 |
1,187 |
|
3 |
808 (*Canadian Experience Class only) |
February 20, 2015 |
849 |
|
2 |
818 |
February 7, 2015 |
779 |
|
1 |
886 |
January 31, 2015 |
779 |
Launch date: January 1, 2015
First draw from the pool: January 31, 2015
Most recent draw from the pool: October 26, 2023
Minimum CRS points required for selection in the Federal Skilled Trades Class (FSTC): 199 (May 26, 2017)
Minimum CRS points required for selection in the Federal Skilled Worker Class (FSWC): 413 (May 31, 2017)
Minimum CRS points required for selection in the Canadian Experience Class (CEC): 75 (February 13, 2021)
Largest number of invitations to apply issued in any one draw: 27,332 (February 13, 2021 Canadian Experience Class only draw)
Fewest invitations to apply issued in any one draw: 118 (April 15, 2020. Note: This draw invited candidates with a provincial nomination only.)
Largest decrease in CRS points required between two consecutive draws: 645 (from February 10 to February 13, 2021 draws)
Smallest decrease in CRS points required between two consecutive draws: 0 (on three occasions)
Longest gap between dates of two consecutive draws: 35 days (from April 17, 2015 to May 22, 2015 draws)
Shortest gap between dates of two consecutive draws: 0 days (two draws held on April 9)
Total number of ITAs issued in 2022: 22,039
Total number of ITAs issued in 2021: 114,431
Total number of ITAs issued in 2020: 107,350
Total number of ITAs issued in 2019: 85,300
Total number of ITAs issued in 2018: 89,800
Total number of ITAs issued in 2017: 86,023
Total number of ITAs issued in 2016: 33,782
Total number of ITAs issued in 2015: 31,063